Glossary

Wind direction indicators. Indicators that include a Z wind sock, wind tee, or tetrahedron. Visual reference will Zone of confusion. Volume of space above the station where determine wind direction and runway in use. a lack of adequate navigation signal directly above the VOR station causes the needle to deviate. Wind shear. A sudden, drastic shift in windspeed, direction, or both that may occur in the horizontal or vertical plane. Zulu time. A term used in aviation for coordinated universal time (UTC) which places the entire world on one time standard. Winds and temperature aloft forecast (FB). A twice daily forecast that provides wind and temperature forecasts for specific locations in the contiguous United States. Wing area. The total surface of the wing (in square feet), which includes control surfaces and may include wing area covered by the fuselage (main body of the airplane), and engine nacelles. Wings. Airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage and are the main lifting surfaces that support the airplane in flight. Wing root. The wing root is the part of the wing on a fixed- wing aircraft that is closest to the fuselage. Wing roots usually bear the highest bending forces in flight and during landing, and they often have fairings to reduce interference drag between the wing and the fuselage. The opposite end of a wing from the wing root is the wing tip. Wing span. The maximum distance from wingtip to wingtip. Wingtip vortices. The rapidly rotating air that spills over an airplane’s wings during flight. The intensity of the turbulence depends on the airplane’s weight, speed, and configuration. Also referred to as wake turbulence. Vortices from heavy aircraft may be extremely hazardous to small aircraft. Wing twist. A design feature incorporated into some wings to improve aileron control effectiveness at high angles of attack during an approach to a stall. Work. A measurement of force used to produce movement. World Aeronautical Charts (WAC). A standard series of aeronautical charts covering land areas of the world at a size and scale convenient for navigation (1:1,000,000) by moderate speed aircraft. Topographic information includes cities and towns, principal roads, railroads, distinctive landmarks, drainage, and relief. Aeronautical information includes visual and radio aids to navigation, airports, airways, restricted areas, obstructions and other pertinent data. G-35