Airspace

prior to entering the airspace and thereafter maintained while If the aircraft radio fails in flight under VFR, the PIC may within the airspace. operate that aircraft and land if weather conditions are at or above basic VFR weather minimums, visual contact with A pilot departing from the primary airport or satellite airport the tower is maintained, and a clearance to land is received. with an operating control tower must establish and maintain two-way radio communications with the control tower, Class E and thereafter as instructed by ATC while operating in the Unless otherwise required by 14 CFR part 93 or unless Class C airspace area. If departing from a satellite airport otherwise authorized or required by the ATC facility having without an operating control tower, the pilot must establish jurisdiction over the Class E airspace area, each pilot and maintain two-way radio communications with the ATC operating an aircraft on or in the vicinity of an airport in a facility having jurisdiction over the Class C airspace area as Class E airspace area must comply with the requirements soon as practicable after departing. of Class G airspace. Each pilot must also comply with any traffic patterns established for that airport in 14 CFR part 93. Unless otherwise authorized by the ATC having jurisdiction over the Class C airspace area, all aircraft within Class C Unless otherwise authorized or required by ATC, no person airspace must be equipped with the appropriate transponder may operate an aircraft to, from, through, or on an airport equipment meeting all applicable specifications found in 14 having an operational control tower unless two-way radio CFR part 91, section 91.215. Additionally, beginning January communications are maintained between that aircraft and the 1, 2020, aircraft operating in the Class C airspace described control tower. Communications must be established within in 14 CFR part 91, section 91.225, must have ADS-B four nautical miles from the airport, up to and including 2,500 Out equipment installed, which meets the performance feet AGL. However, if the aircraft radio fails in flight, the PIC requirements of 14 CFR part 91, section 91.227. may operate that aircraft and land if weather conditions are at or above basic VFR weather minimums, visual contact with Class D the tower is maintained, and a clearance to land is received. No pilot may take off or land an aircraft at a satellite airport within a Class D airspace area except in compliance with If the aircraft radio fails in flight under IFR, the pilot should FAA arrival and departure traffic patterns. A pilot departing continue the flight by the route assigned in the last ATC from the primary airport or satellite airport with an operating clearance received; or, if being radar vectored, by the direct control tower must establish and maintain two-way radio route from the point of radio failure to the fix, route, or communications with the control tower, and thereafter as airway specified in the vector clearance. In the absence of instructed by ATC while operating in the Class D airspace an assigned route, the pilot should continue by the route area. If departing from a satellite airport without an operating that ATC advised may be expected in a further clearance; control tower, the pilot must establish and maintain two- or, if a route had not been advised, by the route filed in the way radio communications with the ATC facility having flight plan. Additionally, beginning January 1, 2020, aircraft jurisdiction over the Class D airspace area as soon as operating in the Class E airspace described in 14 CFR part 91, practicable after departing. section 91.225, must have ADS-B Out equipment installed, which meets the performance requirements of 14 CFR part Two-way radio communications must be established and 91, section 91.227. maintained with the ATC facility providing air traffic services prior to entering the airspace and thereafter maintained while Class G within the airspace. When approaching to land at an airport without an operating control tower in Class G airspace: If the aircraft radio fails in flight under IFR, the pilot should 1. Each pilot of an airplane must make all turns of that continue the flight by the route assigned in the last ATC airplane to the left unless the airport displays approved clearance received; or, if being radar vectored, by the direct light signals or visual markings indicating that turns route from the point of radio failure to the fix, route, or should be made to the right, in which case the pilot airway specified in the vector clearance. In the absence of must make all turns to the right. an assigned route, the pilot should continue by the route that ATC advised may be expected in a further clearance; 2. Each pilot of a helicopter or a powered parachute must or, if a route had not been advised, by the route filed in the avoid the flow of fixed-wing aircraft. flight plan. 15-10