Front Matter

Pressure Distribution ..................................................4-8 Weight and Balance .....................................................5-40 Airfoil Behavior .........................................................4-8 Effect of Weight on Flight Performance ..................5-42 A Third Dimension ........................................................4-9 Effect of Weight on Aircraft Structure .....................5-42 Chapter Summary ..........................................................4-9 Effect of Weight on Stability and Controllability ....5-42 Effect of Load Distribution ......................................5-43 Chapter 5 High Speed Flight ........................................................5-44 Aerodynamics of Flight .......................................5-1 Subsonic Versus Supersonic Flow ...........................5-44 Forces Acting on the Aircraft ........................................5-1 Speed Ranges ...........................................................5-44 Thrust .........................................................................5-2 Mach Number Versus Airspeed ...............................5-45 Lift ..............................................................................5-3 Boundary Layer ........................................................5-46 Lift/Drag Ratio ........................................................5-5 Laminar Boundary Layer Flow ............................5-46 Drag ............................................................................5-6 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow ..........................5-46 Parasite Drag ...........................................................5-6 Boundary Layer Separation ..................................5-46 Induced Drag ..........................................................5-7 Shock Waves ............................................................5-46 Weight ........................................................................5-8 Sweepback ................................................................5-48 Wingtip Vortices ............................................................5-8 Mach Buffet Boundaries ..........................................5-49 Formation of Vortices ................................................5-8 High Speed Flight Controls ......................................5-49 Avoiding Wake Turbulence .......................................5-9 Chapter Summary ........................................................5-51 Ground Effect ...............................................................5-11 Axes of an Aircraft .......................................................5-12 Chapter 6 Moment and Moment Arm ..........................................5-13 Flight Controls .....................................................6-1 Aircraft Design Characteristics ...................................5-14 Introduction ....................................................................6-1 Stability ....................................................................5-14 Flight Control Systems .................................................6-2 Static Stability .......................................................5-14 Flight Controls ............................................................6-2 Dynamic Stability .................................................5-14 Primary Flight Controls ..............................................6-2 Longitudinal Stability (Pitching) ..........................5-15 Elevator ...................................................................6-5 Lateral Stability (Rolling) .....................................5-17 T-Tail ......................................................................6-6 Directional Stability (Yawing) .............................5-19 Stabilator .................................................................6-7 Free Directional Oscillations (Dutch Roll) ..............5-20 Canard .....................................................................6-7 Spiral Instability .......................................................5-20 Rudder .....................................................................6-8 Effect of Wing Planform .............................................5-20 V-Tail ......................................................................6-8 Aerodynamic Forces in Flight Maneuvers ...................5-22 Secondary Flight Controls ..........................................6-8 Forces in Turns .........................................................5-22 Flaps ........................................................................6-8 Forces in Climbs .......................................................5-23 Leading Edge Devices ............................................6-9 Forces in Descents ....................................................5-24 Spoilers .................................................................6-10 Stalls ............................................................................5-25 Trim Tabs ..............................................................6-10 Angle of Attack Indicators ...........................................5-26 Balance Tabs .........................................................6-11 Basic Propeller Principles ............................................5-28 Servo Tabs ............................................................6-11 Torque and P-Factor .................................................5-30 Antiservo Tabs ......................................................6-11 Torque Reaction .......................................................5-31 Ground Adjustable Tabs .......................................6-11 Corkscrew Effect ......................................................5-31 Adjustable Stabilizer .............................................6-12 Gyroscopic Action ....................................................5-31 Asymmetric Loading (P-Factor) ..............................5-32 Autopilot ......................................................................6-12 Load Factors .................................................................5-33 Chapter Summary ........................................................6-12 Load Factors in Aircraft Design ...............................5-33 Load Factors in Steep Turns .....................................5-34 Chapter 7 Load Factors and Stalling Speeds ............................5-34 Aircraft Systems ..................................................7-1 Introduction ....................................................................7-1 Load Factors and Flight Maneuvers .........................5-36 Powerplant .....................................................................7-1 Vg Diagram ..............................................................5-37 Reciprocating Engines ................................................7-2 Rate of Turn..............................................................5-38 Propeller .....................................................................7-4 Radius of Turn ..........................................................5-39 ix