Front Matter

Fixed-Pitch Propeller ..............................................7-5 Fuel Gauges ..............................................................7-26 Adjustable-Pitch Propeller ......................................7-6 Fuel Selectors ...........................................................7-26 Propeller Overspeed in Piston Engine Aircraft ......7-7 Fuel Strainers, Sumps, and Drains ...........................7-27 Induction Systems ......................................................7-7 Fuel Grades...............................................................7-27 Carburetor Systems ....................................................7-8 Fuel Contamination ..................................................7-27 Mixture Control ......................................................7-9 Fuel System Icing .....................................................7-28 Prevention Procedures ..........................................7-28 Carburetor Icing ......................................................7-9 Refueling Procedures ...................................................7-29 Carburetor Heat ....................................................7-10 Heating System ............................................................7-29 Carburetor Air Temperature Gauge ......................7-11 Fuel Fired Heaters ....................................................7-29 Outside Air Temperature Gauge ..............................7-11 Exhaust Heating Systems .........................................7-29 Fuel Injection Systems .............................................7-11 Combustion Heater Systems ....................................7-29 Superchargers and Turbosuperchargers .......................7-12 Bleed Air Heating Systems ......................................7-30 Superchargers ...........................................................7-12 Electrical System .........................................................7-30 Turbosuperchargers ..................................................7-13 Hydraulic Systems .......................................................7-31 System Operation ..................................................7-14 Landing Gear ............................................................7-33 High Altitude Performance ...................................7-14 Tricycle Landing Gear ..........................................7-33 Ignition System ............................................................7-15 Tailwheel Landing Gear .......................................7-33 Oil Systems ..................................................................7-16 Fixed and Retractable Landing Gear ....................7-34 Engine Cooling Systems ..............................................7-17 Brakes .......................................................................7-34 Exhaust Systems ..........................................................7-18 Pressurized Aircraft .....................................................7-34 Starting System ............................................................7-18 Oxygen Systems...........................................................7-37 Combustion ..................................................................7-18 Oxygen Masks ..........................................................7-38 Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) ........7-20 Cannula .....................................................................7-38 Turbine Engines ...........................................................7-20 Pressure-Demand Oxygen Systems..........................7-38 Types of Turbine Engines ........................................7-20 Continuous-Flow Oxygen System ...........................7-38 Turbojet .................................................................7-20 Electrical Pulse-Demand Oxygen System ................7-38 Turboprop .............................................................7-21 Pulse Oximeters ........................................................7-39 Turbofan ...............................................................7-21 Servicing of Oxygen Systems ..................................7-39 Turboshaft .............................................................7-21 Anti-Ice and Deice Systems .........................................7-40 Turbine Engine Instruments .....................................7-22 Airfoil Anti-Ice and Deice .......................................7-40 Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR) ...............................7-22 Windscreen Anti-Ice.................................................7-41 Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) ........................7-22 Propeller Anti-Ice .....................................................7-41 Torquemeter ..........................................................7-22 Other Anti-Ice and Deice Systems ...........................7-41 N Indicator ...........................................................7-23 Chapter Summary ........................................................7-41 1 N Indicator ...........................................................7-23 2 Turbine Engine Operational Considerations ............7-23 Chapter 8 Engine Temperature Limitations ..........................7-23 Flight Instruments ...............................................8-1 Thrust Variations ..................................................7-23 Introduction ....................................................................8-1 Pitot-Static Flight Instruments .......................................8-1 Foreign Object Damage (FOD) ............................7-23 Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines ..........................8-2 Turbine Engine Hot/Hung Start ............................7-23 Static Pressure Chamber and Lines ............................8-2 Compressor Stalls .................................................7-23 Altimeter .....................................................................8-3 Flameout ...............................................................7-24 Principle of Operation .............................................8-3 Performance Comparison .........................................7-24 Effect of Nonstandard Pressure and Temperature ..8-4 Airframe Systems ........................................................7-25 Setting the Altimeter ...............................................8-5 Fuel Systems ................................................................7-25 Altimeter Operation ................................................8-6 Gravity-Feed System ...............................................7-25 Types of Altitude ....................................................8-6 Fuel-Pump System ...................................................7-25 Fuel Primer ...............................................................7-25 Instrument Check ....................................................8-7 Fuel Tanks ................................................................7-25 Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) ...................................8-7 x