Front Matter

Balance, Stability, and Center of Gravity ....................10-2 Landing Charts .......................................................11-26 Effects of Adverse Balance ......................................10-3 Stall Speed Performance Charts .............................11-27 Stability .................................................................10-3 Transport Category Aircraft Performance .................11-28 Control ..................................................................10-3 Air Carrier Obstacle Clearance Requirements ...........11-28 Management of Weight and Balance Control ..........10-4 Chapter Summary ......................................................11-28 Terms and Definitions ..............................................10-4 Principles of Weight and Balance Computations .....10-5 Chapter 12 Weight and Balance Restrictions .............................10-6 Weather Theory .................................................12-1 Determining Loaded Weight and CG ..........................10-7 Introduction ..................................................................12-1 Computational Method .............................................10-7 Atmosphere ..................................................................12-2 Graph Method...........................................................10-7 Composition of the Atmosphere...............................12-2 Table Method ...........................................................10-9 Atmospheric Circulation ..........................................12-3 Computations With a Negative Arm ......................10-10 Atmospheric Pressure ...............................................12-3 Computations With Zero Fuel Weight ...................10-10 Coriolis Force ...............................................................12-3 Shifting, Adding, and Removing Weight ...............10-10 Measurement of Atmosphere Pressure ........................12-4 Weight Shifting ...................................................10-10 Altitude and Atmospheric Pressure .............................12-5 Altitude and Flight .......................................................12-6 Weight Addition or Removal ..............................10-11 Altitude and the Human Body .....................................12-6 Chapter Summary ......................................................10-11 Wind and Currents .......................................................12-7 Wind Patterns ...........................................................12-7 Chapter 11 Convective Currents .................................................12-7 Aircraft Performance .........................................11-1 Effect of Obstructions on Wind................................12-8 Introduction ..................................................................11-1 Low-Level Wind Shear ..........................................12-11 Importance of Performance Data .................................11-1 Wind and Pressure Representation on Surface Structure of the Atmosphere ........................................11-2 Weather Maps.........................................................12-12 Atmospheric Pressure ..................................................11-2 Atmospheric Stability ................................................12-12 Pressure Altitude ..........................................................11-3 Inversion .................................................................12-13 Density Altitude ...........................................................11-3 Moisture and Temperature .....................................12-13 Effects of Pressure on Density .................................11-4 Relative Humidity ..................................................12-13 Effects of Temperature on Density ..........................11-5 Temperature/Dew Point Relationship ....................12-13 Effects of Humidity (Moisture) on Density .............11-5 Methods by Which Air Reaches the Saturation Performance .................................................................11-5 Point .......................................................................12-14 Straight-and-Level Flight .........................................11-5 Dew and Frost ........................................................12-15 Climb Performance...................................................11-6 Fog ..........................................................................12-15 Angle of Climb (AOC) .........................................11-7 Clouds .....................................................................12-15 Rate of Climb (ROC) ............................................11-7 Ceiling ....................................................................12-17 Climb Performance Factors ..................................11-8 Visibility .................................................................12-17 Range Performance ..................................................11-9 Precipitation............................................................12-17 Region of Reversed Command...............................11-11 Air Masses .................................................................12-17 Takeoff and Landing Performance .........................11-12 Fronts .........................................................................12-18 Runway Surface and Gradient ................................11-12 Warm Front ............................................................12-18 Water on the Runway and Dynamic Flight Toward an Approaching Warm Front ......12-19 Hydroplaning ..........................................................11-13 Cold Front ..............................................................12-20 Takeoff Performance ..............................................11-14 Fast-Moving Cold Front .....................................12-20 Landing Performance .............................................11-16 Flight Toward an Approaching Cold Front ........12-20 Performance Speeds ...................................................11-18 Comparison of Cold and Warm Fronts ..................12-20 Performance Charts ....................................................11-19 Wind Shifts .............................................................12-21 Interpolation ...........................................................11-20 Stationary Front ......................................................12-21 Density Altitude Charts ..........................................11-20 Occluded Front .......................................................12-21 Takeoff Charts ........................................................11-20 Thunderstorms ........................................................12-22 Climb and Cruise Charts ........................................11-21 Hazards ..............................................................12-23 Crosswind and Headwind Component Chart .........11-25 xii