Front Matter

Squall Line .........................................................12-23 Weather Products Age and Expiration ...................13-18 Tornadoes ..........................................................12-23 What Can Pilots Do? ..........................................13-19 Turbulence .........................................................12-24 NEXRAD Abnormalities ....................................13-21 Icing ...................................................................12-24 NEXRAD Limitations ........................................13-21 Hail ....................................................................12-25 AIRMET/SIGMET Display ...................................13-21 Ceiling and Visibility .........................................12-25 Graphical METARs ................................................13-21 Effect on Altimeters ...........................................12-25 Data Link Weather .................................................13-21 Data Link Weather Products ..................................13-23 Lightning .............................................................12-25 Flight Information Service- Broadcast (FIS-B) ..13-23 Engine Water Ingestion .....................................12-25 Pilot Responsibility ....................................................13-24 Chapter Summary ......................................................12-25 Chapter Summary ......................................................13-24 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Aviation Weather Services ...............................13-1 Airport Operations .............................................14-1 Introduction ..................................................................13-1 Introduction ..................................................................14-1 Observations ................................................................13-2 Airport Categories ........................................................14-1 Surface Aviation Weather Observations ..................13-2 Types of Airports......................................................14-2 Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) ........13-2 Towered Airport ...................................................14-2 Upper Air Observations............................................13-2 Nontowered Airport ..............................................14-2 Radar Observations ..................................................13-3 Sources for Airport Data ..............................................14-3 Satellite .....................................................................13-4 Aeronautical Charts ..................................................14-3 Service Outlets .............................................................13-4 Chart Supplement U.S. (formerly Airport/Facility Flight Service Station (FSS) .....................................13-4 Directory) .................................................................14-3 Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS) .....13-4 Notices to Airmen (NOTAM) ..................................14-4 Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Automated Terminal Information Service (ATIS) ...14-5 Service (HIWAS) .....................................................13-4 Airport Markings and Signs .........................................14-5 Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) Runway Markings and Signs ....................................14-5 (Alaska Only) ..........................................................13-4 Relocated Runway Threshold ...............................14-5 Weather Briefings ........................................................13-5 Standard Briefing .....................................................13-5 Displaced Threshold .............................................14-5 Abbreviated Briefing ................................................13-5 Runway Safety Area ............................................14-6 Outlook Briefing ......................................................13-5 Runway Safety Area Boundary Sign ....................14-6 Aviation Weather Reports ............................................13-5 Runway Holding Position Sign ............................14-6 Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) ..........13-6 Runway Holding Position Marking ......................14-8 Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs) ..............................13-8 Runway Distance Remaining Signs ......................14-8 Aviation Forecasts ....................................................13-9 Runway Designation Marking ..............................14-8 Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF) .....................13-9 Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO) .......14-10 Area Forecasts (FA) ...............................................13-10 Taxiway Markings and Signs .................................14-11 Inflight Weather Advisories ...................................13-11 Enhanced Taxiway Centerline Markings ............14-12 AIRMET .............................................................13-11 Destination Signs ................................................14-12 SIGMET .............................................................13-12 Holding Position Signs and Markings for an Convective Significant Meteorological Instrument Landing System (ILS) Critical Area ..14-12 Information (WST) .............................................13-12 Holding Position Markings for Taxiway/Taxiway Winds and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FB) .........13-13 Intersections ........................................................14-14 Weather Charts ...........................................................13-13 Marking and Lighting of Permanently Closed Surface Analysis Chart ...........................................13-13 Runways and Taxiways ......................................14-14 Weather Depiction Chart ........................................13-15 Temporarily Closed Runways and Taxiways .....14-15 Significant Weather Prognostic Charts ..................13-15 Other Markings.......................................................14-15 ATC Radar Weather Displays ..................................13-16 Airport Signs ..........................................................14-15 Weather Avoidance Assistance ..............................13-18 Airport Lighting .........................................................14-16 Electronic Flight Displays (EFD) /Multi-Function Airport Beacon .......................................................14-16 Display (MFD) Weather ...........................................13-18 xiii