Front Matter

Approach Light Systems ........................................14-16 ATC Instructions—Explicit Runway Crossing .... 14-34 Visual Glideslope Indicators ..................................14-16 ATC Instructions—“Line Up and Wait” Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI) ...........14-16 (LUAW) ..............................................................14-34 Other Glidepath Systems ....................................14-16 ATC Instructions—“Runway Shortened” ..........14-35 Runway Lighting ....................................................14-17 Pre-Landing, Landing, and After-Landing .............14-35 Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL) ................14-17 Engineered Materials Arresting Systems (EMAS) ....14-36 Runway Edge Lights ...........................................14-17 Incidents .................................................................14-36 In-Runway Lighting ............................................14-18 EMAS Installations and Information .....................14-37 Control of Airport Lighting ....................................14-18 Pilot Considerations ...............................................14-37 Taxiway Lights .......................................................14-19 Chapter Summary ......................................................14-38 Omnidirectional .................................................14-19 Chapter 15 Clearance Bar Lights ..........................................14-19 Airspace .............................................................15-1 Runway Guard Lights .........................................14-19 Introduction ..................................................................15-1 Stop Bar Lights ...................................................14-19 Controlled Airspace .....................................................15-2 Obstruction Lights ..................................................14-19 Class A Airspace ......................................................15-2 New Lighting Technologies ...................................14-19 Class B Airspace ......................................................15-2 Wind Direction Indicators ..........................................14-20 Class C Airspace ......................................................15-2 Traffic Patterns ..........................................................14-20 Class D Airspace ......................................................15-2 Example: Key to Traffic Pattern Operations— Class E Airspace .......................................................15-2 Single Runway .......................................................14-21 Uncontrolled Airspace .................................................15-3 Example: Key to Traffic Pattern Operations— Class G Airspace ......................................................15-3 Parallel Runways ....................................................14-21 Special Use Airspace ...................................................15-3 Radio Communications ..............................................14-22 Prohibited Areas .......................................................15-3 Radio License .........................................................14-22 Restricted Areas .......................................................15-3 Radio Equipment ....................................................14-22 Warning Areas ..........................................................15-4 Using Proper Radio Procedures ............................14-22 Military Operation Areas (MOAs) ...........................15-4 Lost Communication Procedures ...........................14-23 Alert Areas ...............................................................15-4 Air Traffic Control (ATC) Services ...........................14-24 Controlled Firing Areas (CFAs) ...............................15-4 Primary Radar.........................................................14-24 Other Airspace Areas ...................................................15-4 ATC Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) ................14-24 Local Airport Advisory (LAA) ................................15-6 Transponder ............................................................14-25 Military Training Routes (MTRs) ............................15-6 Automatic Dependent Surveillance– Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR).......................15-6 Broadcast (ADS-B) ................................................14-26 Published VFR Routes .............................................15-6 Radar Traffic Advisories ........................................14-26 Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSAs) ..................15-7 Wake Turbulence .......................................................14-26 National Security Areas (NSAs) ..............................15-7 Vortex Generation ..................................................14-26 Air Traffic Control and the National Airspace System ..15-7 Terminal Area ....................................................14-27 Coordinating the Use of Airspace ............................15-7 En Route .............................................................14-27 Operating in the Various Types of Airspace ............15-7 Vortex Behavior .....................................................14-27 Basic VFR Weather Minimums ............................15-7 Vortex Avoidance Procedures ................................14-28 Operating Rules and Pilot/Equipment Collision Avoidance ...................................................14-28 Requirements ........................................................15-8 Clearing Procedures ...............................................14-28 Ultralight Vehicles ..............................................15-11 Training Operations Scanning Techniques for Traffic Avoidance Unmanned Free Balloons ...................................15-11 Best Practices to See and Avoid Unmanned Aircraft Systems ...............................15-11 Pilot Deviations (PDs) ............................................14-31 Parachute Jumps .................................................15-11 Runway Incursion Avoidance ................................14-31 Chapter Summary ......................................................15-11 Causal Factors of Runway Incursions ....................14-32 Runway Confusion .................................................14-32 Causal Factors of Runway Confusion ................14-32 ATC Instructions ....................................................14-33 ATC Instructions—“Hold Short” ......................14-33 xiv