Front Matter

Chapter 16 Time and Distance Check From a Station Using Navigation ..........................................................16-1 a RMI ......................................................................16-26 Introduction ..................................................................16-1 Time and Distance Check From a Station Using Aeronautical Charts .....................................................16-2 a CDI ......................................................................16-27 Sectional Charts ........................................................16-2 Course Intercept ....................................................16-27 VFR Terminal Area Charts ......................................16-2 Rate of Intercept .................................................16-27 World Aeronautical Charts .......................................16-2 Angle of Intercept ..............................................16-27 Latitude and Longitude (Meridians and Parallels) .......16-3 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) .................16-27 Time Zones ...............................................................16-3 VOR/DME RNAV .................................................16-28 Measurement of Direction ........................................16-5 Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) ........................16-29 Variation ...................................................................16-6 Global Positioning System .....................................16-30 Magnetic Variation ...............................................16-7 Selective Availability ..........................................16-31 Magnetic Deviation ..............................................16-7 VFR Use of GPS ................................................16-32 Deviation ..................................................................16-8 RAIM Capability ................................................16-32 Effect of Wind ..............................................................16-8 Tips for Using GPS for VFR Operations ...............16-33 Basic Calculations ......................................................16-11 VFR Waypoints .....................................................16-33 Converting Minutes to Equivalent Hours ...............16-11 Lost Procedures ..........................................................16-34 Time T = D/GS ...................................................16-11 Flight Diversion .........................................................16-34 Distance D = GS X T ..........................................16-11 Chapter Summary ......................................................16-35 GS GS = D/T ......................................................16-11 Converting Knots to Miles Per Hour ......................16-11 Chapter 17 Fuel Consumption ..................................................16-11 Aeromedical Factors .........................................17-1 Introduction ..................................................................17-1 Flight Computers ....................................................16-12 Obtaining a Medical Certificate ...................................17-2 Plotter .....................................................................16-12 Health and Physiological Factors Affecting Pilot Pilotage ......................................................................16-12 Performance .................................................................17-3 Dead Reckoning .........................................................16-13 Hypoxia ....................................................................17-3 Wind Triangle or Vector Analysis .........................16-13 Hypoxic Hypoxia ..................................................17-3 Step 1 ..................................................................16-14 Hypemic Hypoxia .................................................17-3 Step 2 ..................................................................16-15 Stagnant Hypoxia ..................................................17-3 Step 3 ..................................................................16-15 Histotoxic Hypoxia ...............................................17-4 Step 4 ..................................................................16-15 Symptoms of Hypoxia ..............................................17-4 Flight Planning ...........................................................16-17 Treatment of Hypoxia ...........................................17-4 Assembling Necessary Material .............................16-17 Hyperventilation .......................................................17-4 Weather Check .......................................................16-17 Middle Ear and Sinus Problems ...............................17-5 Use of Chart Supplement U.S. (formerly Airport/Facility Directory) .....................................16-17 Spatial Disorientation and Illusions .........................17-6 Airplane Flight Manual or Pilot’s Operating Vestibular Illusions ...............................................17-7 Handbook (AFM/POH) ..........................................16-17 Visual Illusions .....................................................17-8 Charting the Course ...................................................16-18 Postural Considerations ............................................17-8 Steps in Charting the Course ..................................16-18 Demonstration of Spatial Disorientation ..................17-8 Filing a VFR Flight Plan ............................................16-21 Climbing While Accelerating ...............................17-9 Ground-Based Navigation .........................................16-22 Climbing While Turning .......................................17-9 Very High Frequency (VHF) Omnidirectional Diving While Turning ...........................................17-9 Range (VOR) ..........................................................16-22 Tilting to Right or Left .........................................17-9 Using the VOR ...................................................16-23 Reversal of Motion ...............................................17-9 Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) ..........................16-23 Diving or Rolling Beyond the Vertical Plane .......17-9 Horizontal Situation Indicator ................................16-24 Coping with Spatial Disorientation ..........................17-9 Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI) ............................16-24 Optical Illusions .....................................................17-10 Tracking With VOR ...............................................16-25 Runway Width Illusion .......................................17-10 Tips on Using the VOR ..........................................16-26 xv